One moment, please.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
If you can dream it, you can make it with Photoshop. Free Trial! Create beautiful images, graphics, paintings, and 3D artwork on your desktop and iPad. It’s not the only tool, but it’s the best way to test all the little things that may affect your work while you’re making your design. To run Hello, Photoshop.
 
 

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Дэвид! – воскликнула она, еле держась на ногах.  – О, Дэвид… как они могли… Фонтейн растерялся: – Вы знаете этого человека. Сьюзан застыла в полутора метрах от экрана, ошеломленная увиденным, и все называла имя человека, которого любила. ГЛАВА 115 В голове Дэвида Беккера была бесконечная пустота.

 

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For the other photoshp, consider your project and plan accordingly, so that the results of one process do not cause unintended changes to other aspects of the image, making it necessary for you to redo some of your work. Other Collection and Use of Information Application and System Logs Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Pearson will not knowingly direct or /41051.txt marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing. Adjust adobe photoshop cc 2015 test 3 free download color sliders to change the saturation of color 33.

 
 

Adobe photoshop cc 2015 test 3 free download

 
 

The online companion files include all the necessary assets for readers to complete the projects featured in each chapter as well as ebook updates when Adobe releases new features for Creative Cloud customers. And new to this release, all buyers of the book get full access to the Web Edition: a Web-based version of the complete ebook enhanced with video and interactive multiple-choice quizzes.

As always with the Classroom in a Book, Instructor Notes are available for teachers to download. Lesson 8, „Tracing a shape from a photo”, page Please skip step 3 and go directly from step 2 to step 4. Lesson 8, „Adding a second shape to a path”, page Step 2 should read, „Make sure the Pen tool and the shape you just drew are selected and that Subtract Front Shape is selected in the Path Operations pop-up menu in the options bar.

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Click once anywhere on the left side of the colored bar, and type Elaine. Or you can type a different name, if you like. The text is the same color as the bar you typed it on. Alt-dragging Windows or Optiondragging Mac OS changes the values in smaller increments; Shift-dragging changes them in larger increments.

Using panels and panel menus The text color is the same as the Foreground Color swatch in the Tools panel, which is the blue color you used to paint the bar. Make sure the Horizontal Type tool is selected in the Tools panel. Drag the Horizontal Type tool across the text to select the full name.

Select any light-colored swatch. We chose pastel yellow. Note When you move the pointer over the swatches, it temporarily changes into an eyedropper. Set the tip of the eyedropper on the swatch you want, and click to select it. The color you select appears in three places: as the Foreground Color in the Tools panel, in the text color swatch in the options bar, and in the text you selected in the image window.

Select another tool in the Tools panel, such as the Move tool , to deselect the text so that you can see the text color. Click the menu button on the Swatches panel to open the panel menu, and choose Small List. Select the Type tool and reselect the text, as you did in steps 1 and 2. In the Swatches panel, scroll about halfway down the list to find the Light Yellow Orange swatch, and then select it.

Select the Move tool again to deselect the text. Now the text appears in the orange color. Typing V will add the letter to your text in the image window. For the real world, Photoshop gives you the power to step back and undo actions so that. You can experiment freely, knowing that you can reverse the process.

Even beginning computer users quickly come to appreciate the familiar Undo command. The name returns to its previous color. The Undo command in Photoshop reverses only one step. This is a practicality, because Photoshop files can be very large, and maintaining multiple Undo steps can tie up a lot of memory, which tends to degrade performance.

However, you can often use the Step Backward and Step Forward commands in the Edit menu to move through multiple steps. Save the file. Your birthday card is done! More about panels and panel locations Photoshop panels are powerful and varied. Rarely would you need to see all panels simultaneously. The complete list of panels appears in the Window menu.

Check marks appear next to the names of the panels that are open and active in their panel groups. You can open a closed panel or close an open one by selecting the panel name in the Window menu. You can hide all panels at once—including the options bar and Tools panel—by pressing the Tab key. To reopen them, press Tab again. Note When panels are hidden, a thin, semitransparent strip is visible at the edge of the document.

Hovering the pointer over the strip displays its contents. You already used panels in the panel dock when you used the Layers and Swatches panels. You can drag panels to or from the panel dock. This is convenient for bulky panels or ones that you use only occasionally but want to keep handy. To expand a panel, click its icon or the double arrow. You can also pull the lower right corner in or out. Note You can collapse, but not resize, the Character and Paragraph panels.

Double-click again to restore it to the expanded view. You can open the panel menu even when the panel is collapsed. Notice that the tabs for the panels in the panel group and the button for the panel menu remain visible after you collapse a panel. Special notes about the Tools panel and options bar The Tools panel and the options bar share some characteristics with other panels:.

You can move the options bar to another location by dragging the grab bar at the far left end of the panel. Changing interface settings By default, the panels, dialog boxes, and background in Photoshop are dark.

You can lighten the interface or make other changes in the Photoshop Preferences dialog box: 1. Select a different color theme, or make other changes. When you select a different theme, you can see the changes immediately. You can also select specific colors for different screen modes and change other interface settings in this dialog box.

Review questions 1. Describe two types of images you can open in Photoshop. How do you select tools in Photoshop? Describe two ways to zoom in to or out from an image.

What are two ways to get more information about Photoshop? Review answers 1. You can scan a photograph, transparency, negative, or graphic into the program; capture a digital video image; or import artwork created in a drawing program.

You can also import digital photos. A selected tool remains active until you select a different tool. To select a hidden tool, either use a keyboard shortcut to toggle through the tools, or click and hold the tool in the Tools panel to open a pop-up menu of the hidden tools.

Choose commands from the View menu to zoom in on or out from an image, or to fit it onscreen, or use the zoom tools and click or drag over an image to enlarge or reduce the view. You can also use keyboard shortcuts or the Navigator panel to control the display of an image. The Photoshop Help system includes full information about Photoshop features plus keyboard shortcuts, task-based topics, and illustrations.

Creative Cloud Learn provides inspiration, key techniques, cross-product workflows, and updates on new features. Photoshop includes a variety of tools and commands for improving the quality of a photographic image. This lesson steps you through the process of acquiring, resizing, and retouching a vintage photograph. For many images, you may need only to change the resolution, lighten the image, or repair a minor blemish.

For others, you may need to perform several tasks and employ more advanced filters. Note In this lesson, you retouch an image using only Photoshop. For other images, it may be more efficient to work in Adobe Camera Raw, which is installed with Photoshop. Likewise, sharpening should usually be your final step.

For the other tasks, consider your project and plan accordingly, so that the results of one process do not cause unintended changes to other aspects of the image, making it necessary for you to redo some of your work. Whether an image is intended for black-and-white publication on newsprint or for full-color online distribution affects everything from the resolution of the initial scan to the type of tonal range and color correction that the image requires.

Photoshop supports the CMYK color mode for preparing an image to be printed using process colors, as well as RGB and other color modes for web and mobile authoring. Resolution and image size The first step in retouching a photograph in Photoshop is to make sure that the image has an appropriate resolution. The term resolution refers to the number of small squares, known as pixels, that describe an image and establish its detail. Resolution is determined by pixel dimensions, or the number of pixels along the width and height of an image.

Pixels in a photographic image Note To determine the necessary image resolution for a photograph you plan to print, follow the computer-graphics rule of thumb for color or grayscale images intended for print on large commercial printers: Scan at a resolution 1. In computer graphics, there are different types of resolution: The number of pixels per unit of length in an image is called the image resolution, usually measured in pixels per inch ppi. An image with a high resolution has more pixels and therefore a larger file size than an image of the same dimensions with a low resolution.

Images in Photoshop can vary from high resolution ppi or higher to low resolution 72 ppi or 96 ppi. Unless the resolution of your image is exactly the same as the resolution of the monitor, the image size in inches, for example onscreen may be larger or smaller than the image size will be when printed. The number of pixels per unit of length on a monitor is the monitor resolution, also usually measured in pixels per inch ppi.

Image pixels are translated directly into monitor pixels. In Photoshop, if the image resolution is higher than the monitor resolution, the image appears larger onscreen than its specified print dimensions. The number of ink dots per inch dpi produced by a platesetter or laser printer is the printer, or output, resolution. Higher resolution images output to higher resolution printers generally produce the best quality.

The appropriate resolution for a printed image is determined both by the printer resolution and by the screen frequency, or lines per inch lpi , of the halftone screens used to reproduce images.

Keep in mind that the higher the image resolution, the larger the file size, and the longer the file will take to print or to download from the web. For more information on resolution and image size, see Photoshop Help.

You may make copies of these files and save them under different names or locations, or you may work from the original start files and then download them from the peachpit. In Lesson 1, you used the Open command to open a file. For more information, see page 3. Adobe Bridge opens, displaying a collection of panels, menus, and buttons. Select the Folders tab in the upper left corner, and then browse to the Lessons folder you downloaded onto your hard disk, so that the lesssons in the Lessons folder appear in the Content panel.

Adding files, folders, application icons, and other assets that you use often to the Favorites panel lets you access them quickly. Select the Favorites tab to open the panel, and click the Lessons folder to open it. Then, in the Content panel, double-click the Lesson02 folder.

Thumbnail previews of the folder contents appear in the Content panel. Compare the 02Start. To enlarge the thumbnails in the Content panel, drag the thumbnail slider at the bottom of the Bridge window to the right. In the 02Start. Double-click the 02Start. Choose Photoshop from the Format menu, and name the file 02Working. You can use either the Crop tool or the Crop command to crop an image.

By default, cropping deletes the cropped pixels. In the Tools panel, select the Crop tool. Tip Deselect the Delete Cropped Pixels option if you want to crop nondestructively, so that you can revise the crop later. Crop handles appear, and a cropping shield covers the area outside the cropping selection. Ratio is the default value.

A crop grid appears. Click Straighten in the options bar. The pointer changes to the Straighten tool. Click at the top corner of the photo, press the mouse button as you drag a straight line across the top edge of the photo, and then release.

Photoshop straightens the image, so that the line you drew is parallel with the top of the image area. You drew a line across the top of the photo, but any line that defines either the vertical or horizontal axis of the image will work. Drag the corners of the crop grid inward to the corners of the photo itself to crop out the white border. If you need to adjust the position of the photo, click and drag it within the crop grid.

Press Enter or Return to accept the crop. The image is now cropped, and the cropped image fills the image window, straightened, sized, and positioned according to your specifications. To see the image dimensions, choose Document Dimensions from the pop-up menu at the bottom of the application window. Click Curves in the Adjustments panel to add a Curves adjustment layer. Select the White Point tool on the left side of the Properties panel.

Specifying a white point changes all the colors in the image. The white point is the color that Photoshop defines as pure white, and it adjusts all other colors accordingly.

To set an accurate white point, select a white area in the image. The color tone of the image changes dramatically. In some images, adjusting the white point is enough to remove a color cast and correct the tone of the image.

Here, selecting a white point is a good start. Click Levels in the Adjustments panel to add a Levels adjustment layer. The Levels histogram in the Properties panel displays the range of dark and light values in the image.

Right now, you just need to know that the left triangle represents the black point the point Photoshop defines as the darkest in the image , the right triangle represents the white point the lightest in the image , and the middle triangle represents the midtones. Drag the left triangle blacks under the histogram to the right, where the blacks are more pronounced. Our value was Drag the middle triangle a little to the right to adjust the midtones.

Our value was. Flattening an image merges its layers. After you flatten an image, you can no longer edit layers individually, but the file is smaller, and you can easily make changes to the entire image at once. He teaches workshops internationally as well as online on the care and identification of photographs.

Find out more at gawainweaver. The tools in Photoshop make restoration of old or damaged photographs seem like magic, giving virtually anyone the power to scan, retouch, print, and frame their photo collections. However, when dealing with works by famous artists, museums, galleries, and collectors need to preserve original objects to the greatest degree possible despite deterioration or accidental damage.

Professional art conservators are called upon to clean dust and soiling from print surfaces, remove discoloration and staining, repair tears, stabilize prints to prevent future damage, and even paint in missing areas of a work. Carleton E. This print was removed from its mount to remove the stains and then remounted. An art conservator might wash a photograph to remove the discolored components of the paper, or even use a mild bleaching process known as light-bleaching to oxidize and remove the colored components of a stain or overall discoloration.

In Photoshop, you can use a Curves adjustment layer to remove the color cast from an image. Likewise, you can use the Spot Healing Brush in Photoshop to spot out specks of dust or dirt on a scanned image. A conservator might use Japanese papers and wheat-starch paste to carefully repair and rebuild torn paper before finalizing the repair with. In Photoshop, you can remove a crease or repair a tear in a scanned image with a few clicks of the Clone tool.

After digitization the original print can be safely stored away, while the digital version can be copied or printed for many family members. Often, we first clean or unfold family photographs to safely reveal as much of the original image as possible, and then we repair the remaining discoloration, stains, and tears on the computer after digitization. Using the Spot Healing Brush tool The next task is to remove the crease in the photo. Note The Healing Brush tool works similarly to the Spot Healing Brush tool, except that it requires you to sample source pixels before retouching an area.

The Spot Healing Brush tool quickly removes blemishes and other imperfections. It samples pixels around the retouched area and matches the texture, lighting, transparency, and shading of the sampled pixels to the pixels being healed. Zoom in to see the crease clearly. In the Tools panel, select the Spot Healing Brush tool. Make sure Content-Aware is selected in the options bar. In the image window, drag the Spot Healing Brush down from the top of the crease. You can probably repair the entire crease with four to six neat downward strokes.

Zoom in to see the white hair in the upper right area of the image. Then select the Spot Healing Brush again, and paint over the hair. Zoom out, if necessary, to see the full sky. Then click the Spot Healing Brush wherever there are dark areas you want to heal. Save your work so far. Applying a content-aware patch Use the Patch tool to remove unwanted elements from an image. In ContentAware mode, the Patch tool creates nearly seamless blending with the nearby content.

Type 4 into the Structure slider. The Structure menu determines how closely the patch reflects the existing image patterns. You can choose from 1 to 7, with 1 allowing the loosest adherence to the source structure and 7 requiring the strictest. Drag the Patch tool around the boy and his shadow, as closely as possible.

You may want to zoom in to see him more clearly. Photoshop displays a preview of the content that will replace the boy. Release the mouse button when the patch is positioned where you want it.

The selection changes to match the area around it. The boy is gone, and where he stood is a section of the bridge wall and of a building. The effect was pretty impressive, but not quite perfect. Repairing areas with the Clone Stamp tool The Clone Stamp tool uses pixels from one area of an image to replace the pixels in another part of the image.

Using this tool, you can not only remove unwanted objects from your images, but you can also fill in missing areas in photographs you scan from damaged originals. Make sure that the Aligned option is selected. Move the Clone Stamp tool to an area where the top of the bridge wall is smooth. When you press Alt or Option, the pointer appears as target cross-hairs. Drag the Clone Stamp tool across the top of the bridge wall in the patched area to even it out, and then release the mouse button.

Each time you click the Clone Stamp tool, it begins again with a new source point, in the same relationship to the tool as the first stroke you made. That is, if you begin painting further right, it samples from stone that is further right than the original source point. Deselect Aligned if you want to start from the same source point each time.

Select a source point where the bottom of the bridge wall is even, and then drag the Clone Stamp tool across the bottom of the wall where you patched it. Select a smaller brush size, and deselect Aligned. Then select a source point over the rightmost windows in the lowest row on the building you patched. Click across to create accurate windows there. Repeat step 6 to make any adjustments you want to apply to the lowest area of the building and the wall that runs in front of it.

If you like, you can use a smaller brush size to touch up the stones in the patched portion of the wall. Sharpening the image The last task you might want to do when retouching a photo is to sharpen the image.

There are several ways to sharpen an image in Photoshop, but the Smart Sharpen filter gives you the most control. The colored dots you see are artifacts of the scanning process. The Threshold value determines how dissimilar the pixels should be before they are eliminated. The Radius value determines the size of the area searched for dissimilar pixels. The default values are great for tiny dots of color like the ones in this image. Now that the artifacts are gone, you can sharpen the image.

In the Smart Sharpen dialog box, make sure that Preview is selected, so you can see the effect of settings you adjust in the image window. You can drag inside the preview window in the dialog box to see different parts of the image, or use the plus and minus buttons below the thumbnail to zoom in and out.

Make sure Lens Blur is chosen in the Remove menu. Lens Blur provides finer sharpening of detail and reduced sharpening halos. Gaussian Blur increases contrast along the edges in an image.

Motion Blur reduces the effects of blur that resulted from the camera or the subject moving when the photo was taken. Drag the Radius slider to about 1. The Radius value determines the number of pixels surrounding the edge pixels that affect the sharpening.

The higher the resolution, the higher the Radius setting should usually be. Your image is ready to share or print! Extra credit. Converting a color image to black and white You can get great results converting a color image to black and white with or without a tint in Photoshop. Click Open. Adjust the color sliders to change the saturation of color channels. You can also experiment with options from the preset menu, such as Darker or Infrared. Or, select the tool in the upper left corner of the Adjustments panel, position it over an area you want to adjust, and drag horizontally to lighten or darken that color wherever it appears in the image.

We darkened the bike itself and made the background areas lighter. If you want to colorize the entire photo with a single hue, select Tint. What does resolution mean? What does the Crop tool do? How can you adjust the tone and color of an image in Photoshop? What tools can you use to remove blemishes in an image? How can you remove digital artifacts such as colored pixels from an image?

The term resolution refers to the number of pixels that describe an image and establish its detail. Image resolution and monitor resolution are measured in pixels per inch ppi. Printer, or output, resolution is measured in ink dots per inch dpi. You can use the Crop tool to trim, scale, or straighten an image. To adjust the tone and color of an image in Photoshop, first use the White Point tool in a Curves adjustment layer.

Then refine the tone using a Levels adjustment layer. The Clone Stamp tool copies the source area exactly; the Healing Brush and Spot Healing Brush tools blend the area with the surrounding pixels.

In Content-Aware mode, the Patch tool replaces a selection with content that matches the surrounding area. Learning how to select areas of an image is of primary importance—you must first select what you want to affect.

About selecting and selection tools Making changes to an area within an image in Photoshop is a two-step process. You first use one of the selection tools to select the part of an image you want to change. Then you use another tool, filter, or other feature to make changes, such as moving the selected pixels to another location or applying a filter to the selected area. You can make selections based on size, shape, and color.

When a selection is active, changes you make apply only to the selected area; other areas are unaffected. There are four primary types of selections: Geometric selections The Rectangular Marquee tool selects a rectangular area in an image.

The Elliptical Marquee tool , which is hidden behind the Rectangular Marquee tool, selects elliptical areas. The Single Row Marquee tool and Single Column Marquee tool select either a 1-pixel-high row or a 1-pixel-wide column, respectively. Freehand selections The Lasso tool traces a freehand selection around an area. The Polygonal Lasso tool sets anchor points in straight-line segments around an area. The Magnetic Lasso tool works something like a combination of the other two lasso tools, and gives the best results when good contrast exists between the area you want to select and its surroundings.

Color-based selections The Magic Wand tool selects parts of an image based on the similarity in pixel color. It is useful for selecting odd-shaped areas that share a specific range of colors.

In the Favorites panel, click the Lessons folder. Then double-click the Lesson03 folder in the Content panel to see its contents. Study the 03End. Move the thumbnail slider to the right if you want to see the image in more detail. The project is a shadowbox that includes a piece of coral, a sand dollar, a mussel, a nautilus, and a plate of small shells.

The challenge in this lesson is to arrange these elements, which were scanned together on the single page you see in the 03Start. Double-click the 03Start. Using the Quick Selection tool The Quick Selection tool provides one of the easiest ways to make a selection. You simply paint an area of an image, and the tool automatically finds the edges. You can add or subtract areas of the selection until you have exactly the area you want.

The image of the sand dollar in the 03Working. Select the Zoom tool in the Tools panel, and then zoom in so that you can see the sand dollar well. Select the Quick Selection tool in the Tools panel. Select Auto-Enhance in the options bar.

When Auto-Enhance is selected, the Quick Selection tool creates better quality selections, with edges that are truer to the object. The selection process is a little slower than using the Quick Selection tool without Auto-Enhance, but the results are superior.

Click on an off-white area near the outside edge of the sand dollar. The Quick Selection tool finds the full edge automatically, selecting the entire sand dollar. Leave the selection active so that you can use it in the next exercise. The rest of the image is not affected by those changes. To move the selected area to another part of the composition, you use the Move tool. This image has only one layer, so the pixels you move will replace the pixels beneath them.

If the sand dollar is not still selected, repeat the previous exercise to select it. Zoom out so you can see both the shadowbox and the sand dollar. Select the Move tool. Notice that the sand dollar remains selected. Unless a selection tool is active, clicking elsewhere in the image will not deselect the active area. Tool tips from the Photoshop evangelist. Julieanne Kost is an official Adobe Photoshop evangelist. The layers that are under the pointer appear in the context menu. Manipulating selections You can move selections, reposition them as you create them, and even duplicate them.

One of the most useful things you may find in this section is the introduction of keyboard shortcuts that can save you time and arm motions. Repositioning a selection marquee while creating it Selecting ovals and circles can be tricky. As you perform this exercise, be very careful to follow the directions about keeping the mouse button or specific keys pressed. If you accidentally release the mouse button at the wrong time, simply start the exercise again from step 1.

Select the Elliptical Marquee tool , hidden under the Rectangular Marquee tool. Move the pointer over the plate of shells, and drag diagonally across the oval plate to create a selection, but do not release the mouse button. If you accidentally release the mouse button, draw the selection again.

In most cases— including this one—the new selection replaces the previous one. Still holding down the mouse button, press the spacebar, and continue to drag the selection.

Position it so that it more closely aligns with the plate. Carefully release the spacebar but not the mouse button and continue to drag, trying to make the size and shape of the selection match the oval plate of shells as closely as possible. If necessary, hold down the spacebar again and drag to move the selection marquee into position around the plate of shells. When the selection border is positioned appropriately, release the mouse button.

Leave the Elliptical Marquee tool and the selection active for the next exercise. If the plate of shells is not still selected, repeat the previous exercise to select it.

The pointer icon now includes a pair of scissors cut from its current location. Note You can release the Ctrl or Command key after you start dragging, and the Move tool remains active.

Photoshop reverts to the previously selected tool when you deselect, whether you click outside the selection or use the Deselect command. Moving a selection with the arrow keys You can make minor adjustments to the position of selected pixels by using the arrow keys. You can nudge the selection in increments of either one pixel or ten pixels. When a selection tool is active in the Tools panel, the arrow keys nudge the selection border, but not the contents. When the Move tool is active, the arrow keys move both the selection border and its contents.

Before you begin, make sure that the plate of shells is still selected in the image window. Press the Up Arrow key on your keyboard a few times to move the oval upward. Notice that each time you press the arrow key, the plate of shells moves one pixel. Experiment by pressing the other arrow keys to see how they affect the selection. Hold down the Shift key as you press an arrow key. When you hold down the Shift key, the selection moves ten pixels every time you press an arrow key.

Sometimes the border around a selected area can distract you as you make adjustments. Either command hides the selection border around the plate of shells. Using the Magic Wand tool The Magic Wand tool selects all the pixels of a particular color or color range.

As with many of the selection tools, after you make the initial selection, you can add or subtract areas of the selection.

The Tolerance option sets the sensitivity of the Magic Wand tool. This value limits or extends the range of pixel similarity. The default tolerance value of 32 selects the color you click plus 32 lighter and 32 darker tones of that color. You may need to adjust the tolerance level up or down depending on the color ranges and variations in the image.

If a multicolored area that you want to select is set against a background of a different color, it can be much easier to select the background than the area itself. Select the Rectangular Marquee tool , hidden behind the Elliptical Marquee tool. Drag a selection around the piece of coral. Make sure that your selection is large enough so that a margin of white appears between the coral and the edges of the marquee. At this point, the coral and the white background area are selected.

Select the Magic Wand tool , hidden under the Quick Selection tool. In the options bar, confirm that the Tolerance value is This value determines the range of colors the wand selects. Click the Subtract From Selection button in the options bar. A minus sign appears next to the wand in the pointer icon. Anything you select now will be subtracted from the initial selection. Click in the white background area within the selection marquee. The Magic Wand tool selects the entire background, subtracting it from the selection.

Now all the white pixels are deselected, leaving the coral perfectly selected. Softening the edges of a selection To smooth the hard edges of a selection, you can apply anti-aliasing or feathering, or use the Refine Edge option. Anti-aliasing smooths the jagged edges of a selection by softening the color transition between edge pixels and background pixels. Since only the edge pixels change, no detail is lost.